Molecular dynamics simulations of small peptides: Dependence on dielectric model and pH

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Abstract
There has been much interest recently in the structure of small peptides in solution. A recent study by Bradley and co‐workers [(1989) in Techniques of Protein Chemistry, Hugli, T. E., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 531–546; (1990) Journal of Molecular Biology, 215, pp. 607–622] describes a 17‐residue peptide that is stable as a monomeric helix in aqueous solution at low pH, as determined by two‐dimensional nmr and CD spectroscopy. They also have determined the helix content of the peptide as a function of pH using CD. We performed molecular dynamics simulations, with an empirical force field, of this peptide at low pH, with three different dielectric models: a linear distance‐dependent dielectric function (ε = R); a modified form [J. Ramstein and R. Lavery (1988) Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, Vol. 85, pp. 7231–7235] of the sigmoidal distance‐dependent dielectric function of Hingerty and co‐workers [(1985) Biopolymers, Vol. 24, pp. 427–439]; and ε = 1 with the peptide immersed in a bath of water molecules. We found that simulations with the sigmoidal dielectric function and the model with explicit water molecules resulted in average distances for particular interactions that were consistent with the experimental nmr results, with the sigmoidal function best representing the data. However, these models exhibited very different helix‐stabilizing interactions. We also performed simulations using the sigmoidal function at moderate and high pH to compare to experimental determinations of the pH dependence of helix content. Helix content did not decrease with increases in pH, as shown experimentally. We did, however, observe changes in a specific side chain–helix dipole interaction that was implicated in determining the pH‐dependent behavior of this peptide. Overall, the sigmoidal dielectric function was a reasonable alternative to adding explicit water molecules. In comparing 100 ps molecular dynamics simulations, the sigmoidal function was much less computer intensive and sampled more of conformational space than the treatment using explicit water molecules. Sampling is especially important for this system since the peptide has been shown experimentally to populate both helical and nonhelical conformations.