Dietary Antioxidants and Peripheral Arterial Disease : The Rotterdam Study

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Abstract
This study examined cross-sectionally the association of dietary β-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E with peripheral arterial disease in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (1990–1993). The 4,367 subjects from the Rotterdam Study were aged 55–94 years and had no previous cardiovascular disease at baseline. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Peripheral arterial disease was defined as an ankle-arm systolic blood pressure index (AAI) of ≤0.9 and was present in 204 men and 370 women. In multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses, vitamin C intake was significantly inversely associated with peripheral arterial disease in women (highest vs. lowest quartile: relative risk = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48, 0.89; ptrend = 0.006), and a 100-mg increase in intake was associated with a 0.013 AAI increase (95% CI: 0.001, 0.025). In men, vitamin E intake was inversely associated with peripheral arterial disease (relative risk = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.03; ptrend = 0.067); a 10-mg increase in intake was associated with a 0.015 AAI increase (95% CI: 0.001, 0.031). Whether these differences in antioxidant intake and the risk of a low AAI and of peripheral arterial disease between sexes are attributable to a different food pattern for men compared with women remains to be elucidated.

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