Primary cardiac sarcomas: an immunohistochemical and grading study with long‐term follow‐up of 24 cases

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Abstract
Primary cardiac sarcomas are rare and aggressive tumours. The aims of this study were to precisely classify cardiac sarcomas according to their pathology, and to determine their clinicopathological features and prognosis. Twenty-four primary cardiac sarcomas were studied. Clinical features and follow-up of all patients were collected. Histological diagnoses were obtained by combining both morphological features as described in soft tissue counterparts and the immunoprofile of the tumours. The 24 cases were classified as undifferentiated sarcoma (nine cases), angiosarcoma (six cases all located in the right atrium), leiomyosarcoma (six cases), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (one pleomorphic and one giant cell type) and synovial sarcoma (one case). Patients included 14 men and 10 women, with a mean age of 46 years. Clinical manifestations were protean, often delaying the diagnosis. Dyspnoea resulting from obstruction of the cardiac chambers was the most common symptom. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging were useful respectively to detect and to evaluate tumour extension. Complete macroscopic resection was possible in only 33% of patients. The most common cause of death was local recurrence of the tumours (50%), even in the cases of complete macroscopic resection. Whatever the treatment, the prognosis was poor with a mean survival of 16.5 months after diagnosis. All types of sarcomas may be observed in the heart with a predominance of undifferentiated sarcomas. Histological grading, unlike histological type, seems to correlate with survival which remains extremely poor.

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