Abstract
BRAIN swelling continues to be the most difficult problem confronting the neurosurgeon treating the space-taking complications of craniocerebral injury. Despite the advent of hypothermia and potent dehydrating agents, the tense, nonpulsating brain is still encountered. Brain expansion after removal of a space-taking lesion may cause uncontrollable herniation of cerebral contents through the surgical opening. Such brain swelling may deny the surgeon the space desperately needed for proper exploration and definitive treatment. In addition, brain swelling, after evacuation of a massive lesion, allows cerebral ischemia to continue, leading to more swelling — an often fatal cycle.Multiple factors are involved in . . .

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