Live interactive broadcast of laparoscopic surgery via the Internet

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Abstract
Background: For the first time in the history of communications, we conducted live interactive broadcasts through the Internet (on August 29, and September 3, 1996). Methods: Successful transmissions were performed from Pontiac, Michigan, to Laguna Hills, California, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, and participants actively interacted in audio and video formats in real time. Results: Video images were transmitted at a rate of 1–2 frame/s and displayed in a 320 × 240 window at the remote sites. The loss of audio packets averaged 17% with a delay of 0.5–2 s. The broadcasting computer station was also able to receive real-time video and sound from the distant computers, allowing complete interaction between both parties over the duration of each transmission session. Average broadcast time was 1.5 h ± 30 min, and the cost of each transmission was equal to that of a regular local phone call. Conclusions: Videoconferencing via the Internet is a viable method for transmitting information in real time allowing surgeons worldwide to work together during surgical procedures.

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