Out of Scandinavia: Alternative Approaches to Software Design and System Development

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Abstract
This study set out to delineate the Scandinavian Approach to the development of computer-based systems. We aimed to help derive new ideas for human-oriented technology design in other countries. The study is based on the relevant literature, scientific contacts, and two field trips, and covers work in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The study focuses on methodological questions and their theoretical foundations, on explicit strategies for social implementation, and on innovative design illustrated by reference to concrete projects. Though it makes no claim to present a sociopolitical analysis of Scandinavian technology design, the sociocultural background is given due consideration. There is no general agreement among Scandinavians as to whether or not there is a well-defined Scandinavian Approach. We have come to identify such an approach in certain common features shared by the different schools of thought. These include efforts toward humanization and democratization as overriding design goals, in keeping with the aim of building an egalitarian society. The theoretical foundations for the development of computer-based systems draw on computer science, organization theory, and the humanities. Specifically Scandinavian traditions in computer science provide the technical basis for discussions on work design. The most important schools in Scandinavia are the sociotechnical and the union-oriented collective resource approach, each associated with a distinct strategy for societal implementation. The Scandinavian Approach can be seen as a challenge to other countries, combining as it does technical sophistication with the explicit concern for using computers for the benefit of human beings.

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