10,000 Analyses of Urinary Calculi Using X-Ray Diffraction and Polarizing Microscopy

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Abstract
To make qualitative as well as semiquantitative analyses of 10,000 urinary calculi of a large city population, a combined crystal-optical X-ray diffractometric method proved to be very useful. This combination goes to complement the advantages of polarization microscopy (with its minimal substance requirements, its proof limits of less than 1 %, and its insight into stone texture) with those of X-ray diffraction (with its fast semiquantitative analysis and simple differentiation of all the stone components). About 30% of the calculi were found to have a monomineral composition. The most frequent types of calculi in our examination were: 33.2% whewellite/weddellite, 24.9% wliewellite, 13.5% whewellite/weddellite/apatite, 7.0% struvite/apatite, and 3.9% uric acid/uric acid dihydrate.

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