An evolutionary concept of some sessile and tubicolous animals

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Abstract
Feeding mechanisms, and waste elimination likely to cause fouling have possibly been the underlying driving forces in the evolution of sedentary tubicolous Annelida, the Phoronida, the Sipuncula, the Pogonophora, the pterobranchiate Hemichordata, the sessile Ectoprocta, and the Entoprocta. The ancestral form which probably gave origin to these phyla possibly had a tentacular apparatus surrounding the mouth, and a straight gut leading to a posterior and terminal anus. The evolutionary trends suggested resulted in 1) the extant tubicolous Annelida, 2) the tubicolous animals with a U-shaped gut, e.g. Sipuncula, Phoronida, and the pterobranchiate Hemichordata, and 3) the Pogonophora, in which the gut has been eliminated. In these last two groupings tube fouling has been overcome.

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