Estimating the Dollar Value of Health Outcomes from Drug-Abuse Interventions

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Abstract
OBJECTIVES People who abuse drugs suffer from a host of medical problems that impose costs on both the abusers and society as a whole. Drug-abuse treatment and other interventions can help alleviate these medical problems, leading to health status improvements for chronic drug users and reduced social costs. The authors' dual purpose here is to (1) propose a theoretically rigorous yet easy-to-apply methodology for estimating the health-related costs of drug abuse and (2) demonstrate the methodology by estimating the potential dollar value of avoiding adverse health consequences as a result of successful drug-abuse interventions. METHODS The authors' propsed multiattribute quality-adjusted life year methodology for estimating the value of avoiding morbidity and mortality involves eight steps to be followed sequentially. The framework is based on developing a common unit of well-being (ie, quality-adjusted life year) that can be applied to all types of health conditions. If all health states can be denominated in this common unit, then the process of valuation is straightforward and consistent across all types of illnesses and diseases. The methodology is relatively inexpensive to execute because the estimation procedures are not complicated technically and the data demands are modest. Also, this approach incorporates elements from several disciplines, including psychology, epidemiology, medicine, and economics. Finally, the proposed methodology is flexible enough to cover a wide range of illnesses and diseases so that consistent and comparable estimates can be generated. RESULTS The authors estimate the dollor value of avoiding acute hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hypertension, bacterial pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis for a white male aged 32 years. The authors' results illustrate that estimated avoided morbidity values can vary significantly across the range of health consequences associated with drug abuse. At the upper end of the range, the value of avoiding only the morbidity associated with a single case of HIV/AIDS is approximately $157,811 for the period beginning with transmission of HIV, through late-stage HIV and AIDS, and ending just before death. CONCLUSIONS People who abuse drugs suffer from many medical problems in addition to their addiction. The proposed approach for estimating the dollar value of avoiding adverse health consequences provides policy analysts, evaluators, and researchers a method to calculate theoretically based benefit estimates for use in a benefit—-cost analysis of drug-abuse interventions.