Influence of mixing technique on some properties of PMMA bone cement

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Abstract
PMMA bone cements (Refobacin-Palacos R, Sulfix 6, AKZ, and CMW bone cement, types I and II), from six different clinics, were investigated in three stages. In the first stage, studies of density, hardness, flexural strength, and compressive strength were made, as well as molecular weight measurements and microscopic investigations. These studies reflected the current state of techniques of application used in operating theaters. They revealed wide variations in the properties of the materials studied. Secondly, a comprehensive study of the process-technology in the laboratory was performed. The following variables were investigated or discussed: mixing vessel, order of the individual components, mixing time, rate of mixing, pressure application on the mixed bone cement, kneading, cement thickness, pouring into the syringe, contact force during polymerization, and preparation quantity. The third stage involved the development and clinical testing of an improved mixing technique. Using this improved mixing technique, all three selected clinics achieved far better results with reduced variability. A comparison between a centrifuging technique after mixing and our improved, but conventional, mixing technique, displays advantages for the latter. The question regarding a correlation between cement specimens of high porosity and early implant loosening could not be answered on the basis of the 43 PMMA bone cement explants investigated (implanted 6 months to 15 years). In some cases, the studies revealed that the bone cement manufactureres should be required to revise and quantify existing instructions for use. The users, on the other hand, should give more consideration to the mixing technique and its consequences.