Raised beach gravels and ice wedge casts at Old Kilpatrick, near Glasgow

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Abstract
Synopsis: Landforms, sediments, and sedimentary structures at Old Kilpatrick reveal a beach ridge disturbed by involutions and ice wedge casts. The relationship of the beach ridge to other shorelines and radiocarbon dated marine shells shows that east of Old Kilpatrick the Clyde Basin was submerged by an arm of the sea up to a level of about 34 m, while west of Old Kilpatrick ice remained across the mouth of the Clyde. The relationships between the date of ice wastage, shoreline development, and late-glacial climatic change suggest that the ice wedge casts were formed during Younger Dryas time, and demonstrate that during this period, 10 800–10 300 years ago, mean annual temperature in western central Scotland fell at least as low as −6° C.