Total Synthesis of a Frog Poison, (.+-.)-Epibatidine, a Potent Non-opioid Analgesic.

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Abstract
A non-opioid analgesic, epibatidine (1), isolated from Ecuadoran poison frogs was synthesized in the racemic form starting from a readily available compound 2. A partial Curtius rearrangement product 5 of 2 was converted into 12c by way of the ketone 3 and its condensation product with the pyridine moiety 9c, and catalytic hydrogenation of 12c was specifically conducted in hydrochloric acid-containing 2-propanol for the preferential formation of an exo-product 15b. Conversion of the substituent from 15b to 15a in a single operation using the Vilsmeier reagent, followed by deprotection of the p-toluenesulfonyl group with hydrobromic acid completed an eight-step synthesis of (+/-)-1 from 2.

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