Functional and Deterministic Tuning of Hybrid Integrated Active Filters

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Abstract
The two main methods of tuning hybrid integrated active filters, namely functional and deterministic tuning are described. Functional tuning implies the fine adjustment of an active network that is assembled and in operation so that its transmission characteristics (e.g. gain or phase response) can be monitored during the tuning process. One or several resistors are selected as tuning elements and these are adjusted (e.g. by laser, anodization, sand‐blasting, “postbox” selection of discrete resistors) until the desired response is obtained. Deterministic tuning involves the fine adjustment of individual resistors to values which are analytically predicted. The prediction is based on network equations which include parasitic effects and in which those component values that are not to be adjusted are obtained by measurements on the (non‐operational) manufactured circuit. Manufacturing tolerances and parasitic effects are included in the comprehensive set of equations whose solutions provide the final adjustment values of a few ‘tuning resistors’. Accuracy bounds and limitations of the two tuning methods are given and the pros and cons of the two methods are discussed. Finally it is suggested that a well balanced combination of the two methods may well provide the most efficient and least complicated solution to the tuning problem in hybrid integrated networks.

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