Review article: the use of biotherapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disease

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Abstract
There is presently a lack of well conducted clinical trials demonstrating any significant benefits of probiotics in humans. With the exception of diarrhoea due to rotavirus infection in children there is little evidence from randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies that bacterial probiotics have a significant beneficial action in preventing diarrhoea of any cause. The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii has been shown to be of benefit in the prevention of antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea but not in preventing infection with Clostridium difficile. S. boulardii may also be of benefit in preventing relapse of C. difficile infection. Because of the simplicity of in vitro systems and some animal models, beneficial characteristics of probiotics such as the ability of bacteria to bind to epithelial surfaces are not always transferable to humans. Thus any postulated benefit from consumption of probiotic bacteria should only be accepted as fact after testing in clinical studies. This review outlines our present knowledge of the mode of action of probiotics and presents the data from clinical trials on their use.