Large‐Scale Damage to Mangrove Forests Following Two Large Oil Spills in Panama1
- 15 March 1997
- journal article
- Published by Wiley in Biotropica
- Vol. 29 (1) , 2-14
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00001.x
Abstract
Mangrove forests of BahSiAa Las Minas on the Caribbean coast of Panama were affected by large oil spills twice over the last 30 yr. Lethal and sublethal damage to these mangroves by the two spills was evaluated from aerial photographs, and in the field. The first spill occurred in 1968 when the tanker Witwater broke up and sunk, releasing 2.8–3.8 million liters of diesel oil and Bunker C fuel oil, and killing 49 ha of mangroves or 4 percent of the mangroves in the bay. The second was in 1986 when a land tank at the Refinería Panamá ruptured, releasing at least 8 million liters of crude oil, and killing 69 ha of mangroves or 6 percent of those in the bay. In each Case, the areas affected most were the low to mid intertidal zone dominated by Rhizophora mangle. The extent and location of deforestation was site‐ and spill‐specific, notably influenced by prevailing wind and tidal conditions. Some areas were deforested twice. Possible sublethal damage to surviving forests was assessed for the 1986 spill, noting that areas of unusually “open” canopy exceeded 307 ha. Field studies, reported elsewhere, confirmed that canopy leaf biomass decreased in “open” canopy sites where oil concentrations in surrounding sediments increased. Therefore, in 1986, a further 34 percent of mangrove forests in the bay probably suffered damage from oiling, and the sum of these partially damaged forests plus the deforested areas more closely represents the total area of damage. It appears that only 18 percent of trees oiled in this bay eventually died, and the total area of damaged mangroves after the large 1986 oil spill was 5–6 times greater than the deforested areas alone.RESUMEN: Durante los últimos treinta años, los bosques de manglar en Bahía Las Minas, en la costa caribeña de Panamá, fueron afectados en dos ocasiones por grandes derrames de petróleo. Por medio de fotografías aéreas y trabajo de campo, se evaluó el daño letal y subletal a estos manglares. El primer derrame ocurrió en 1968 cuando el tanquero Witwater se fragmentó y se hundió, liberando 2.8–3.8 millones de litros de diesel y petróleo Bunker C, y destruyendo 49 ha del manglar o el 4 por ciento de los manglares en la bahía. El segundo derrame ocurrió en 1986 cuando un tanque terrestre se quebró en la Refinería Panamá, liberando por lo menos unos 8 millones de litros de petróleo crudo, y destruyendo 69 ha del manglar o el 6 por ciento de los manglares en la bahía. Las áreas más afectadas en ambos casos fueron las zonas intermareales inferior e intermedia, dominadas por Rhizophora mangle. El grado y la intensidad de deforestación fueron específicos para cada lugar y derrame, y estuvieron influenciados notablemente por las condiciones prevalentes de viento y marea. Algunas áreas fueron deforestadas dos veces. Se examinó el posible daño subletal a los bosques sobrevivientes durante el derrame de 1986, y se notó que las áreas con un dosel ‘abierto’, poco común, soprepasaron 307 ha. Estudios de campo, descritos en otro lugar, confirmaron que la biomasa de hojas del dosel disminuyó en las zonas de dosel ‘abierto’ donde las concentracions de petróleo en 10s sedimentos aumentaron. Por lo tanto, en 1986, un adicional 34 por ciento de los manglares en la bahía fueron probablemente dañados por el derrame, y el conjunto de estos manglares parcialmente dañados más las áreas deforestadas, representan el área total de daño. Aparentemente sólo el 18 por ciento de los árbboles afectados en la bahía eventualmente murieron, y el área total de manglar afectado después del extenso derrame de 1986, fué 5–6 veces más grande que el área deforestada.Keywords
This publication has 12 references indexed in Scilit:
- Mangrove die-back in Botany BayWetlands Australia, 2009
- Mangrove floristics and biogeographyPublished by Wiley ,1992
- Plankton, epibenthos and fish communitiesPublished by Wiley ,1992
- Meteorology and hydrography of a shoaling reef flat on the Caribbean coast of PanamaCoral Reefs, 1989
- Ecological Effects of a Major Oil Spill on Panamanian Coastal Marine CommunitiesScience, 1989
- Mangroves as nursery sites: comparisons of the abundance and species composition of fish and crustaceans in mangroves and other nearshore habitats in tropical AustraliaMarine Biology, 1987
- A Hypothesis to Explain the Reduced Distribution of the Mangrove Pelliciera rhizophorae Tr. & Pl.Biotropica, 1984
- Impact of oil spills on mangrove forestsPublished by Springer Nature ,1983
- Chapter 12 Processes Affecting the Fate of Oil in the SeaElsevier Oceanography Series, 1980
- Oil Pollution: Damage Observed in Tropical Communities along the Atlantic Seaboard of PanamaBioScience, 1970