Abstract
Posttransition elements with limited coupling between s and p or d subshells tend to exhibit metallic bonding. As this coupling increases, so do semicovalent and covalent bonding effects that weaken overall cohesion by tending to molecularize the crystal. In the extreme, essentially free-electron transfer is supplanted by spin-pair bonding. Metallic bonding and crystal cohesion may also be reduced by weakening, rather than strengthening, coupling, if inert (s2) pairs can stabilize. In addition, the contribution of each free valence electron to metal bonding is limited by the occupancy of completed d10 subshells, as well as the partial occupancy of s and p states of these elements.

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