Dominant negative Ras enhances lactogenic hormone‐induced differentiation by blocking activation of the Raf–Mek–Erk signal transduction pathway

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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Ras mitogenic signal transduction pathways are frequently activated in breast carcinoma and inhibit mammary differentiation and apoptosis. HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells, which differentiate and synthesize β‐casein following growth to confluency and stimulation with lactogenic hormones, were used to study EGF‐dependent signaling during differentiation. Blocking Mek–Erk or phosphotidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI‐3 kinase) signaling with specific chemical inhibitors enhanced β‐casein promotor‐driven luciferase activity. Because EGF stimulation of HC11 cells resulted in the activation of Ras, the effect of activated Ras (RasV12) or dominant negative (DNRasN17) on lactogen induced differentiation was examined. HC11 cell lines expressing RasV12 or DNRasN17 under the control of a tetracycline (tet)‐responsive promotor were constructed. Activated RasV12 expression resulted in reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 and a delay in β‐casein expression in response to prolactin. However, the expression of tet‐regulated DNRasN17 and adenovirus‐encoded DNRasN17 enhanced Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation, Stat5 DNA binding, and β‐casein transcription. The expression of DNRasN17 blocked the activation of the Mek–Erk pathway by EGF but did not prevent the phosphorylation of AKT, a measure of activation of the PI‐3‐kinase pathway. Moreover, the expression of DNRasN17 prevented the block to lactogenic differentiation induced by EGF. Stimulation of HC11 cells with prolactin resulted in the association of the SHP2 phosphatase with Stat5, and this association was prevented by DNRasN17 expression. These results demonstrate that in HC11 cells DNRas inhibits the Mek–Erk pathway and enhances lactogenic hormone‐induced differentiation. This occurs, in part, by inhibiting the association of the SHP2 phosphatase with Stat5. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.