Lumbo-sacral loads and selected muscle activity while turning patients in bed

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Abstract
Handling patients in bed using a piqué (a waterproof padded sheet placed under the patient) is associated with a high incidence of risks for the spine with, in particular, the activity of pulling and turning the patient with the pique representing the highest risk. Fifteen female nursing aides were evaluated for compression and shear forces at the L5/S1 joint and for selected muscular activities in the trunk and shoulders. Films, force platforms and EMG recordings supplied the data; dynamic segmental analyses were performed to calculate reaction forces at L5/S1, and a planar single-muscle equivalent was used to estimate internal loads. Different execution parameters were examined including execution velocity, height of bed, direction of effort, leg position and knee support. A ‘free’ task, and a manual task not involving the pique, were also investigated. Recommendations are made for reducing spinal loading. The results also suggest that a change of direction in the trunk motion may present some risks when associated with handling of heavy loads. Furthermore transfer of problems from a particular joint to other joints is likely to occur.