Andrology: Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration for obstructive azoospermia

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Abstract
We report the use of percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration as a simpler and more acceptable alternative to microscopic epididymal sperm aspiration for patients with obstructive azoospermia in whom bypass surgery is not feasible or has not been successful. Some contamination of the aspirate with blood is inevitable, but with careful sperm preparation techniques this can be reduced substantially in the final aliquot used for assisted conception. Spermatozoa with active forward progression may be used for gamete intra-Fallopian transfer treatment, but when this capacity is absent intracytoplasmic sperm injection is recommended. Three pregnancies were obtained in seven couples and a set of twins has been delivered.

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