Respective involvement of TGF-β and IL-4 in the development of Langerhans cells and non-Langerhans dendritic cells from CD34+ progenitors

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Abstract
In vivo, dendritic cells (DC) form a network comprising different populations. In particular, Langerhans cells (LC) appear as a unique population of cells dependent on transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) for its development. In this study, we show that endogenous TGF-β is required for the development of both LC and non-LC DC from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) through induction of DC progenitor proliferation and of CD1a+ and CD14+ DC precursor differentiation. We further demonstrate that addition of exogenous TGF-β polarized the differentiation of CD34+ HPC toward LC through induction of differentiation of CD14+ DC precursors into E-cadherin+, Lag+CD68−, and Factor XIIIa−LC, displaying typical Birbeck granules. LC generated from CD34+ HPC in the presence of exogenous TGF-β displayed overlapping functions with CD1a+ precursor-derived DC. In particular, unlike CD14+-derived DC obtained in the absence of TGF-β, they neither secreted interleukin-10 (IL-10) on CD40 triggering nor stimulated the differentiation of CD40-activated naive B cells. Finally, IL-4, when combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), induced TGF-β-independent development of non-LC DC from CD34+ HPC. Similarly, the development of DC from monocytes with GM-CSF and IL-4 was TGF-β independent. Collectively these results show that TGF-β polarized CD34+ HPC differentiation toward LC, whereas IL-4 induced non-LC DC development independently of TGF-β. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 781–791; 1999.

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