Direct and Simultaneous Determination of Copper, Chromium, Aluminum, and Manganese in Urine with a Multielement Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer

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Abstract
A simple method was developed for the direct and simultaneous determination of copper, chromium, aluminum, and manganese in urine using a multielement GFAAS (Perkin-Elmer SIMAA6000). Pd was used as the chemical modifier along with a special purge gas (5% H2 in Ar). A simple calibration curve method can be used (with 1:1 dilution). A standard reference material (Seronorm Trace Elements Urine) was used to find the optimal temperature program and to confirm the accuracy of the technique. The analyzed values were within 90−110% of the certified values. The relative standard deviations were 1.7, 1.5, 1.6, and 1.5% for these four elements and the detection limits were 0.08 μg L-1 for Cu, 0.05 μg L-1 for Cr, 0.06 μg L-1 for Al, and 0.06 μg L-1 for Mn. The recoveries of Cu, Cr, Al, and Mn from real urine samples were 100 ± 5%, except for Cu (80%). The found values of Cu, Cr, Al, and Mn in a real urine sample were 14.3, 0.78, 18.9, and 0.06 μg L-1, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs were used to investigate the physical form of Pd on the surface of the platform in the graphite furnace. Use of 5% H2 in Ar as the purge gas resulted in smaller and more uniformly distributed Pd particles (Pd particle diameters 0.4−0.6 μm using 5% H2 in Ar compared to 0.4−1.2 μm using pure Ar), increasing the effect of the Pd chemical modifier and promoting the efficiency of atomization.

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