Abstract
The formalism of S‐operator theory is generalized to apply to all low‐spin particles with particular emphasis on quantum electrodynamics. It is shown that only direct (nongradient) interactions are allowed, when spinor fields are involved. The Pauli interaction is explicitly shown to be forbidden. Problems of gauge invariance are discussed and commutation rules between the interpolating quantum fields and ∂μAμin(X) are derived. Finite S‐matrix elements are easily calculated with complete convergence at each stage of the calculation.

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