Energy Expenditure by Elk Calves

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Abstract
Five elk calves (Cervus canadensis), weighing from 34 to 66 kg, were trained to run at various speeds (2-14 km/h) on 3 different slopes (0.46.degree. .+-. 0.02, 4.20.degree. .+-. 1.45, and 11.70.degree. .+-. 3.00) while respiratory gases were collected for energy expenditure determinations. Energy costs for horizontal and vertical locomotion increased as a direct linear function of speed of travel. However, energy expenditure by elk calves for horizontal locomotion was higher and vertical locomotion costs lower than those reported for several other quadrupeds. Respiratory frequency, heart rate, and ventilatory volume were evaluated as possible indices of energy expenditure. Ventilatory volume was the most accurate indicator of energy expenditure, respiratory frequency and heart rate were of marginal value.