Non-inductive current drive using second harmonic electron cyclotron waves on the WT-3 tokamak

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Abstract
A plasma current of up to 70 kA has been sustained in WT-3 discharges by second harmonic (2Ωe) electron cyclotron (EC) waves alone, with zero loop voltage, after shutting off the Ohmic heating power. Further, in the case of high power EC wave injection, ramp-up discharges have been obtained. Pulse height analysis of hard X-rays in the line of sight at various angles to the toroidal field shows that the velocity distribution function of the high energy tail electrons is asymmetric in the toroidal direction. The 2Ωe EC wave is mainly absorbed by the tail electrons, and a 2Ωe EC driven current is generated by enhancing the asymmetry of the distribution. The figure of merit of 2Ωe EC current drive (ECCD) is ηEC(2) = (3.2-6.4) × 10−2 (1019 A/Wm2), which is one order of magnitude smaller than that of lower hybrid current drive in WT-3. This low value of ηEC(2) can be attributed to low confinement of the current carrying, high energy tail electrons produced by 2Ωe ECCD.