Relation Between Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Lifetime Risk of Heart Failure

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Abstract
With an annual incidence of 550 000, heart failure remains a major public health issue1-5 and is the leading cause of hospitalization among older adults in the United States.6,7 Despite improved medical and surgical management, mortality after onset of heart failure remains high,8-10 ranging from 20% to 50%.11-14 A large proportion of heart failure cases is accounted for by antecedent coronary heart disease and hypertension,15-19 suggesting that predictors of coronary heart disease and hypertension might influence the risk of heart failure.