The Riddle of Urinary Stone Disease

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Abstract
Present-day endemic urinary stone disease of the Near and the Far East also existed in varying degrees in the countries of Europe prior to the present century, and disappeared gradually with improvements in economic and nutritional conditions. In the endemic form of the disease, stones of uric acid and urate mainly involve the bladder of young boys. Contrariwise, in present-day Western stone disease, primary calcium stone commonly originates in the kidneys of adults. Two distinct calcium stone waves, which followed World Wars I and II in the involved combatant and adjacent noncombatant countries, are inexplicable on the basis of nutrition and psychic stress. Stone disease is changing even today. Consideration of the possible factors of causation reveals confusing paradoxes and inconsistencies.

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