Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

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Abstract
For many patients, nutritional support and relief of symptoms remain the primary management goal of pseudo-obstruction. Specific pharmacological agents for this disorder are, in general, lacking. Given that the efficacy of many of the individual available agents is far from excellent, several centers have turned to combination therapy. Though there is at present no evidence from controlled studies to support this strategy, it is, at the very least, theoretically attractive as these agents act through a number of separate mechanisms. The combination of a prokinetic and an emetic may prove especially useful. As the pseudo-obstruction syndromes are, individually, rare, and experience with any given prokinetic agent in these disorders limited, it is difficult to develop strict guidelines for their use in this context. It stands to reason that a response to a prokinetic agent would seem unlikely in a patient with an advanced myopathic process; anecdotal evidence suggests, however, that some patients with severe scleroderma may derive some symptomatic improvement. Where oral therapy is tolerated, cisapride would appear the best choice among available agents. When this fails, subcutaneous octreotide may be added or substituted. In the acute situation, intravenous erythromycin may alleviate gastroparesis, but probably exerts little beneficial effect beyond the pylorus; parenteral metoclopramide may be tried, but, here again, convincing evidence of efficacy is lacking. The roles of endoscopy and surgery are largely confined to facilitating nutrition and providing decompression.