ESOPHAGORESPIRATORY FISTULAE

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Abstract
ESOPHAGORESPIRATORY fistulae are uncommon. They usually form a communication between the esophagus and trachea, and less frequently they enter a bronchus or the pleural cavity. Esophageal fistulae may also terminate in the mediastinum, pericardial cavity, or skin. The congenital type occurs with or without esophageal atresia or stenosis and usually communicates with the trachea. Esophagorespiratory fistulae in adults may be congenital. The etiology of the acquired fistulae, in their probable order of frequency, is as follows: 1. Carcinoma of the esophagus. 2. Trauma due to ingested foreign bodies, caustics, instrumental dilatation, and crushing injuries of the thorax. 3. Infections of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, pleura, or mediastinum, due chiefly to tuberculosis and syphilis. Pathogenic organisms, fungi, and nonspecific infections may also be the cause. 4. Unknown etiology. 5. Esophageal traction diverticula. These may be multiple, are usually not more than 2 cm. in diameter, and are generally located in the

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