In-stream uptake dampens effects of major forest disturbance on watershed nitrogen export

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Abstract
Between January 4 and 10, 1998, a severe ice storm impacted large areas of northern New York, New England, and eastern Canada. This storm struck the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire on January 7-8, 1998, and caused extensive forest crown damage (>30%) in a narrow elevation band (600-740 m) across the south-facing experimental watersheds. Stream water has been collected and chemically analyzed since 1963 in six experimental watersheds at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest; thus, we were able to examine the effect of this severe natural disturbance on watershed nutrient export and changes in instream nitrate (NO 3 - ) processing. The ice storm caused large increases in watershed export of NO 3 - for 2 years after the disturbance, but our examination of in-stream processing suggests that NO 3 - losses would have been much more dramatic had there not been an increase in in-stream, nitrogen-processing efficiency after the ice storm. The canopy damage that resulted from the ice storm led to increased light availability and large inputs of woody debris to the stream. We suspect that increases in algal production and storage and processing of terrestrial litter account for the increase in inorganic nitrogen processing in these streams. Our results indicate that, without in-stream processing, export of NO 3 - from the damaged watersheds would have been 80-140% higher than was observed. These results point to an intriguing negative feedback mechanism whereby the same disturbance that causes watershed NO 3 - loss may simultaneously lead to increased in-stream retention and transformation.