Laboratory Encounters between Attending Desmognathus ochropaeus (Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae) Females and Potential Predators

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Abstract
Confrontations were staged in the laboratory between attending (brooding) female salamanders [from North Carolina, USA] and known or suspected predators [Maronatus spp., Diadophis punctatus, Pseudotriton ruber, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus and Desmognathus monticola]. Females successfully defended their eggs against conspecific predators of various age and sex classes, and against ground beetles, but were not as successful against large heterospecific salamanders and ringneck snakes. A qualitative summary of these encounters is presented.

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