Modulation techniques and applications in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)

4 July 2002

journal article
Published by Springer Nature in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

Vol. 373 (6) , 356-367
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1318-7

Abstract

More than a decade after Phillips' first published work this article reviews recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). Special attention is devoted to the further development and diversity of modulation devices. These include heated sweepers, cryofocused modulators, and a variety of diaphragm valve-switching strategies. It is demonstrated that all modulation approaches can be very well suited to GC×GC, depending on the particular application. Diaphragm-valve modulation is very powerful for volatile organic compounds. Slotted heater and cryofocused modulation are preferred for samples that contain non-volatile components. Applications ranging from petroleum to environmental and biological samples are illustrated. Extension of the technique to GC×GC–mass spectrometry (MS) is also discussed and trends for future research activity are pointed out.

Keywords

This publication has 0 references indexed in Scilit: