Electrochemical Quantification of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Using Nanoparticle Probes

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Abstract
We report a new approach for electrochemical quantification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using nanoparticle probes. The principle is based on DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment)-induced coupling of the nucleotide-modified nanoparticle probe to the mutant sites of duplex DNA under the Watson−Crick base pairing rule. After liquid hybridization events occurred among biotinylated DNA probes, mutant DNA, and complementary DNA, the resulting duplex DNA helixes were captured to the surface of magnetic beads through a biotin−avidin affinity reaction and magnetic separation. A cadmium phosphate-loaded apoferritin nanoparticle probe, which is modified with nucleotides and is complementary to the mutant site, is coupled to the mutant sites of the formed duplex DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase. Subsequent electrochemical stripping analysis of the cadmium component of coupled nanoparticle probes provides a means to quantify the concentration of mutant DNA. The method is sensitive enough to detect 21.5 attomol of mutant DNA, which will enable the quantitative analysis of nucleic acid without polymerase chain reaction preamplification. The approach was challenged with constructed samples containing mutant and complementary DNA. The results indicated that it was possible to accurately determine SNPs with frequencies as low 0.01. The proposed approach has a great potential for realizing an accurate, sensitive, rapid, and low-cost method of SNP detection.