Incoherent scatter sounding of the ionosphere

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Abstract
The incoherent scatter technique for sounding the ionosphere, fist introduced in 1968, is now recognized as being the most accurate and convenient means of measuring a number of basic physical parameters of the ionosphere. Theory indicates that the technique can provide direct data on electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature, ion composition, plasma drift velocity end flux of precipitating electrons. The knowledge of these date then enables information on a number of other parameters such as the strengths of electric fields, neutral air temperature and neutral wind speed to be deduced. Such measurements can be made continuously in time and over a wide range of altitudes—from just below 100 km to 1000 km and beyond.

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