A hybrid model for pedestrian impact and projection

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Abstract
Real life accidents provide important information for understanding pedestrian/vehicle collisions. Collision speed is the critical parameter in determining pedestrian injury severity and, where possible, this has traditionally been estimated from tyre skid marks. However, the introduction of ABS brakes has increased the importance of pedestrian projection distance as a means of estimating collision speed in real life accidents. This paper presents a theoretical Hybrid Model relating collision velocity to pedestrian projection distance. The model combines the flight trajectory of a simple particle with the distribution of post head-impact velocities predicted by Wood's Single Segment Model (SSM). Comparison with staged and real life accidents shows good predictions of minimum, maximum and mean projection distances. The overall distribution of collision speeds has been used to predict upper and lower limits and a mean value of collision velocity for a given pedestrian projection distance. NOTATION A lumped parameter relating collision velocity to projection distance c.g. centre of gravity do pedestrian c.g. height above the ground after head impact g gravitational constant µ coefficient of friction between pedestrian and the ground MP pedestrian mass MV vehicle mass ST pedestrian projection distance S1-2 distance travelled by pedestrian c.g. between leg and head impact. VH horizontal velocity of pedestrian c.g. after head impact VV vertical velocity of pedestrian c.g. after head impact VCOL collision velocity

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