Autotrophic Picoplankton: Community Composition, Abundance and Distribution across a Gradient of Oligotrophic British Columbia and Yukon Territory Lakes

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Abstract
Autotrophic picoplankton communities were examined in eleven oligotrophic lakes from a broad geographic region of western Canada, representing a variety of physico‐chemical and biological conditions. During our study, several of the lakes were treated with additions of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Picoplankton communities in most lakes were dominated (>70%) by unicellular or colonial coccoid cyanobacteria, provisionally identified by morphological and autofluorescence properties as Synechococcus. Also common in some lakes were red‐fluorescing cyanobacteria and Chlorella‐like eucaryotes. Autotrophic picoplankters contributed from 36‐63% to total chlorophyll, from >2‐26% to total phytoplankton carbon, and from 29–53% to total photosynthesis. Average populations ranged from >5‐10,000 cells·ml−1 in winter and early spring to 65‐75,000 cells · ml−1 in summer and fall. Peak densities in most lakes occurred in August‐September and most populations were within the epilimnion or metalimnion/hypolimnion boundary. Subsurface peaks were prevalent only in untreated, strongly stratified lakes. Eucaryotic picoplankters became dominant in acidic (pH < 6.2), humic lakes. Colonial picoplankters were more common in more productive interior lakes in August, and though present, were uncommon in coastal systems. Picoplankton populations exhibited large increases under ice in a Yukon lake, and their abundance and seasonal distribution showed little relation to temperature or to light. Fertilization of lakes resulted in picoplankton population increases (>2x) and the elimination of subsurface peaks. Nutrients were considered to be one of the major factors controlling population abundance in these oligotrophic lakes with average pH < 6.5.