Fluorescence and photoacoustic spectroscopy of immobilized thylakoids

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Abstract
The O2 evolution activity of immobilized chloroplast membranes in different environments (albumin‐glutaraldehyde matrix, urethane polymer and alginate beads) is presented. As previously shown, the stability of photosystem II (PS II) of lettuce thylakoids appears to be increased by the immobilization process. For understanding such stability, some spectral investigations have been made about the energy distribution between the immobilized photosystems. The low‐temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission and photoacoustic spectroscopy are well adapted to solid particle studies. Especially, it has been shown that the fluorescence ratio (F735/F695) and photoacoustic ratio (PA676/PA440) are good indicators of the functional level of native and immobilized thylakoids. Such ratios are also given after storage and after continuous illumination conditions. Some results about the role played by glutaraldehyde (in the case of albumin‐glutar‐aldehyde matrix) in the stabilization process are also reported.