Inactivation of phage T7 by near-ultraviolet radiation plus hydrogen peroxide: DNA-protein crosslinks prevent DNA injection.

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Abstract
A nonlethal concentration of H2O2 (0.05%) greatly enhances near-UV (NUV) inactivation of phage T7. Simultaneous treatment with H2O2 and NUV reduces the amount of DNA injected into the bacterial host [Escherichia coli], but not the number of phage adsorbed. Not only were recombination and gene expression of late markers reduced upon treatment of phage T7 with NUV plus H2O2, but also a gradient of recombination resulted, with markers injected first reduced to a lesser extent than those injected last. Double-strand DNA breaks were not detected; DNA-protein crosslinks were observed upon NUV plus H2O2 treatment of double-labeled T7. Previous studies demonstrated that single-strand DNA breaks did not account for phage death by NUV plus H2O2. The DNA-protein crosslinks apparently prevent normal injection of T7 phage DNA; such crosslinks may be important lesions in NUV cellular damage.

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