Occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in HIV-positive patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia

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Abstract
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii in consecutive HIV-positive patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) attending a university hospital in Ethiopia. Methods: A PCR for P. carinii and an indirect immunoflorescence (IF) assay were performed on expectorated sputum samples from: 119 HIV-1-positive patients with negative smears and sputum cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis; 96 HIV-1-positive patients with culture-verified PTB; and 97 HIV-negative patients with negative mycobacterial cultures and 72 HIV-negative patients with culture-verified PTB, serving as controls. Outcome of PCR and IF were compared with the chest radiographic (CXR) and initial clinical diagnosis. Results: In the HIV+PTB− group, P. carinii was found in 10.9% by IF, 8.4% by single PCR (sPCR) and 30.3% by nested PCR (nPCR). In the HIV+PTB+ group, 3.1% were P. carinii positive by IF and sPCR and 13.5% by nPCR. All IF- and sPCR-positive samples were nPCR positive. In the HIV−PTB+ and HIV−PTB− groups, 4.2% and 3.1% were nPCR positive, respectively. Six out of eight HIV+PTB− patients with CXR suggesting P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) were IF and/or nPCR positive for P. carinii. In the IF-positive and nested PCR-positive HIV+PTB− patients more than one-third were interpreted as PTB by CXR whereas only one patient was diagnosed with clinical PCP. Conclusions: P. carinii is prevalent in HIV-positive PTB suspects, suggesting that PCP may be an important, but not well recognized, differential diagnosis. Our findings have implications for treatment and primary prophylaxis for PCP in Ethiopia.