Did Leonardo Describe Parkinson's Disease?

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Abstract
To the Editor: Recent interest in the causation of Parkinson's disease has raised the issue of whether the disease existed before the Industrial Revolution. An answer to this question can be found in Leonardo da Vinci's anatomical manuscripts in the Windsor Castle collection.1 Da Vinci was interested in many aspects of movement, including physiology, and described an example of movement independent of consciousness:Come i nervi operano qualche volta per loro, sanza comandamento deili altri ofiziali e dell'anima. Questo chiara mente apparisce, impero che tu vederai movere ai paraletici e a freddolenti e assiderati le lore tremanti membra, come testa . . .

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