Testicular Germ-Cell Neoplasms: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

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Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of testicular neoplasms were facilitated by identification of the tumor-associated proteins .alpha.-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin. These circulating tumor markers, present in 85-90% of patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer, reflect tumor presence and reliably indicate response to therapy. .alpha.-Fetoprotein is produced by embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumors while human chorionic gonadotropin is produced by syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells and the syncytiotrophoblastic component of choriocarcinoma. Refinements in staging techniques and definitions improved prognostication. Effective therapy for seminoma (cure rate > 90%), early-stage (stage I, stage IIN1-2) testicular carcinoma (cure rate, 65-87%) and advanced (stage IIN3-4 stage III) testicular carcinoma (complete remission rate, 50-74%) was shown in clinical trials. Adjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy trials for limited stages of testicular carcinoma and further experience with intensive chemotherapy-based trials for advanced stages may further improve the prognosis for all testicular germ-cell neoplasms.