Marker-referred movement measurement with gray-scale coordinate extraction for high-resolution real-time 3D at 100 Hz

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Abstract
A review of early history in photography highlights the origin of cinefilm as a scientific tool for image-based measurement of human and animal motion. The paper is concerned with scanned-area video sensors (CCD) and a computer interface for the real-time, high-resolution extraction of image coordinates of moving markers. Algorithms and implementations are reviewed for the estimation of marker midpoints. Two-valued (above-threshold) representations of the video signal, as well as grey-scale digitizing are discussed. Attainable resolutions and computational effort are presented. Distributed, per-camera processing is a new option, which uses an embedded microcomputer for image reduction to real-time marker midpoint data. Developments are discussed in 3-D camera calibration and in the real-time 3-D matching of marker images, essential in realtime 3-D reconstruction. Applications are in 3-D motion capture for animation and in motion analysis of wind turbine rotors. Keywords: markers, embedded image processing, coordinates, location, grey-scale processing, sub-pixel resolution, marker tracking, 3D, real-time, motion capture, animation, wind turbines, motion analysis.

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