The Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on the Skeletal Pattern

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Abstract
This paper reviews the principal scientific investigations into the effect of orthodontic treatment on the skeletal pattern. Both animal experiments and human studies are considered, covering attempts to move the upper jaw posteriorly by extra-oral forces and to move the mandible anteriorly, by functional appliances, or posteriorly, by use of a chin cap. It is concluded that if such changes occur, they are small in amount and prolong the treatment time unduly.