AUTOTETRAPLOIDY IN HAPLOPAPPUS SPINULOSUS HYBRIDS: EVIDENCE FROM NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC TETRAPLOIDS

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Abstract
Haplopappus spinulosus (Asteraceae) is a herbaceous, perennial weed common throughout the western Great Plains of North America and includes both diploid and tetraploid populations. A number of populations in southeastern Colorado were analyzed cytogenetically and morphologically for two reasons. First, initial observations during a routine population survey showed they were morphologically intermediate between the diploid subspecies glaberrimus and spinulosus, suggesting they might have arisen via hybridization. Second, cytological examination revealed that they were tetraploid. Because there was indication of hybrid origin, it was of interest to determine whether the populations were behaving as autopolyploids or segmental allopolyploids. The distinction between these two polyploid types is not easily made since both are likely to form multivalents at meiosis, but equations derived from a model proposed by Jackson and Hauber (1982) have made it possible to determine statistically whether a tetraploid individual is behaving meiotically as an autotetraploid. Meiotic configuration frequencies at diakinesis were determined for each tetraploid plant sampled, and observed frequencies were compared to those expected for an autotetraploid having the same maximum number of chiasmata per bivalent, chiasma frequency and chromosome number. In general, the meiotic behavior of the tetraploids was no different from that expected for autoploids. The initial hypothesis that the populations were derived from hybridization was tested by a detailed cytogenetic and morphological study of the presumed parental subspecies, F, hybrids, and natural putative hybrids. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the natural autotetraploids arose from the hybridization of ssp. glaberrimus and ssp. spinulosus.

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