A rho-like protein is involved in the organisation of the contractile ring in dividing sand dollar eggs

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Abstract
Sand dollar eggs were microinjected with botulinum C3 exoenzyme, an ADP-ribosyltransferase from Clostridium botulinum that specifically ADP-ribosylates and inactivates rho proteins. C3 exoenzyme microinjected during nuclear division interfered with subsequent cleavage furrow formation. No actin filaments were detected in the equatorial cortical layer of these eggs by rhodamine-phalloidin staining. When microinjected into furrowing eggs, C3 exoenzyme rapidly disrupted the contractile ring actin filaments and caused regression of the clevage furrows. C3 exoenzyme had no apparent effect on nuclear division, however, and multinucleated embryos developed from the microinjected eggs. By contrast, C3 exoenzyme did not affect the organisation of cortical actin filaments immediately after fertilisation. Only one protein (molecular weight 22000) was ADP-ribosylated by C3 exoenzyme in the isolated cleavage furrow. This protein co-migrated with ADP-ribosylated rhoA derived from human paltelets when analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These results strongly suggest that a rho-like, small GTP-binding protein is selectively in the organisation and maintenance of the contractile ring.