OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF MISSILE OPERATIONS WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO HYDRAZINE PROPELLANTS

  • 1 January 1978
    • journal article
    • research article
    • Vol. 49  (4) , 591-598
Abstract
The 2nd generation of ballistic missiles and boosters, characterized by increased range and quick reaction capability, required development of new high-energy storage propellants. This exploration led to the introduction of hydrazine (Hz), monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) into the USAF inventory. These compounds are all storable, noncryogenic, high-energy fuels which may be used alone or in combination as mixed amine fuels. Early toxicology experiments were to produce data on acute and subacute effects of propellants in order to set standards for test and operational procedures to protect propellant handlers. The early work indicated that, despite similar chemical chracteristics, there were marked differences between compounds in terms of toxicological mechanisms. Since propellant systems have been used for 15 yr, recent emphasis on toxicology has been centered on the more chronic effects and on an increasing body of evidence from animal [mice, rats, dogs, monkeys, goldfish and catfish] experiments that the compounds may possess oncogenic potential and chronic systemic effects. Data leading to current occupational standards were given.

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