Susceptibility of soils to preferential flow of water: A field study

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Abstract
Flow pathways of water and solutes in soils form distinct patterns, which are not a priori predictable. Macropore structure is a prime cause, but other factors, such as differing initial or boundary conditions, may also predispose a soil to produce bypassing of infiltrating water. This study was conducted to assess the flow pathways of water in different soils and to investigate the effect of initial water content on the flow pattern. Dye‐tracing experiments were carried out at 14 different field sites. The sites represent a good portion of soils used for agricultural crop production in Switzerland. Each site consisted of two 1.4 by 1.4 m plots, one of which had been covered with a plastic roof for two months before the experiment to achieve different initial water contents. Forty millimeters of water containing the dye Brilliant Blue FCF (C.I. Food Blue 2) were applied within 8 hours onto the plots with a sprinkling apparatus. One day after irrigation the plots were excavated, and the stained pattern was examined on a vertical 1 by l m soil profile. The spatial structure of flow patterns showed remarkable differences. In most soils, water bypassed the soil matrix. In some soils, dye penetrated beyond l m depth, whereas in others it remained in the top 50 cm. Structured soils were more prone to produce bypass flow, deep dye penetration, and pulse splitting than nonstructured soils. The initial water content had a less pronounced effect in some soils and no effect in others.