Solar Heating of the Soil: Effect on Weed Control and on Soil-Incorporated Herbicides

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Abstract
Solar heating (SH) of the soil by mulching it with transparent polyethylene (PE) during the hot season elevated the soil temperature by 10 to 18 C above that of the non-mulched soil. SH for 4 to 5 weeks resulted in effective control of most summer and winter annual weeds, the effect lasting for more than 5 months after PE removal. Melilotus sulcatus Desf., Astragalus boeticus L. and bull mallow (Malva nicaeensis All. # MALNI) were not controlled by SH. Perennial weeds which propagate from vegetative parts were only partially controlled with short SH, but mulching for 8 to 10 weeks improved control. Mulching the soil with perforated or shaded transparent PE or black PE resulted in a smaller increase of soil temperature and thus less efficient weed control. A combination of SH with soil-incorporated EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) or vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) did not improve the weed control over SH alone, but significantly enhanced the disappearance of the herbicides from the soil. SH inhibited the disappearance of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} but did not change the residual phytotoxicity of bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil). SH treatment improved plant growth and increased the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘895′) and turnip (Brassica rapa L. ‘Purple top’), but not of parsley (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.).