Rapping, a female receptive call, initiates male–female duets in the South African clawed frog

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Abstract
Finding a sexually receptive partner of the opposite sex is a challenge; one solution is to advertise. That advertising is usually the province of males has shaped scenarios for sexual selection, especially the ardent active male courting the passive but choosy female. Herein we consider an unusual case in which constraints on reproduction may have led to fertility advertisement by female frogs. When oviposition is imminent, female South African clawed frogs swim to an advertising male and produce an aphrodisiac call, rapping, that stimulates both male vocalization and approach. Males respond to rapping with a distinctive answer call. The rapping–answer interaction thus forms a duet between partners of a receptive pair.