Multiple-scattering and nucleon-recoil effects in pion production by nucleons on nuclei

We consider multiple-scattering and nucleon-recoil effects in the production of charged pions by nucleons incident on complex nuclei at intermediate energies. We find that the general features of the results are similar to those obtained earlier with a simpler semiclassical model. The inclusion of nucleon recoil increases the number of low energy pions but not enough to explain the observed ${\pi }^{-}$ data.