Polychlorinated dibenzo‐P‐dioxin and dibenzofuran residues in estuarine and coastal north sea sediments: Sources and distribution

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Abstract
Sediments from two depositional zones of the North Sea (the Wadden Sea and Oyster Grounds) and from the estuaries of the rivers Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, Ems, and Humber were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) using a congener‐specific procedure. A simple grain‐size correction procedure was utilized for the comparison of PCDF and PCDD concentrations in sediments from different origin. This procedure, which applies wet sieving of fresh sediment and isolating and analyzing the <63‐μm grain‐size fraction, was found to be appropriate for comparing levels of PCDFs and PCDDs in different estuarine and coastal sediments. PCDFs were more widely encountered than PCDDs in all sediments, except for the Ems‐Dollard and the Humber estuary. The highest concentrations were found in the outflow sediments of the rivers Rhine and Humber. Concentrations up to 2,980 ng/kg PCDFs, principally 1,2,3,4,6,7,8‐HpCDF and OCDF, and up to 1,760 ng/kg PCDDs, principally OCDD, were determined in the River Rhine sediments. Principal component analysis was used to visualize the compositional changes of PCDD and PCDF profiles in the sediments. Two‐dimensional projections based on sample scores from the principal component models showed a marked influence of the River Rhine on the presence of these compounds in the western Wadden Sea and the Oyster Grounds. Based on a chemo‐metric evaluation of chromatographic profiles of these coastal, estuarine and related freshwater sediments, we have deduced that these compounds originate primarily from industrial operation discharges, related to the production of chloroaliphatic compounds and the chloralkali industry along the River Rhine. The atmospheric deposition of combustion‐generated PCDDs and PCDFs appeared significant only for remote marine environments.

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